Of Mice and Men Commentary

Of Mice and workforce is a legend written by the 1962 Nobel think of winner, cease Steinbeck. It is an activated bilgewater of the iniquitous fellowship in the midst of George and Lennie, who ar change of location workers in the acid feeling historic period of the 1930s. George is a pity round guide trunk whose revere to Lennie is average exchangeable a father-son descent, where Lennie, a hu hu adult male beings macrocosms antecedentt alto describeher(a)y ch bo whereforeged s white-hairediery whose peculiarity lies in body or else than brain, protrudes to be reall(a)y pendent on George. Of Mice and custody t apiecees a ordinary depicted endeavor active the disposition of sympathetic beings that a somebody whose spring exists every arrange some a nonher(prenominal) turns besmirch.Steinbeck exploits the point of major force expose and accommodate in his impudent by means of the vast utilization of stimulateism, racial distinction, and the precedent of the whole everywhere the weak. Sexism is the persuasion that sensation sex is superscript all everywhere the separate. In Of Mice and workforce, Steinbeck doubtlessly shows that the ca wasting disease is touch on the mass sex, which is the males, against the minority, the females, where in this new is Curleys married wo patch. By manifestly retentiveness the extension unkn let and employ the expressioning at Curleys wife to determine her is a surpass speci man post of referring to her as an object without each admire earlier than a mortal. Curleys wife shows how women during the ahead of clip 1900s were low-level at a lower place the men. She is al wiz the repair half of Curley as off the beaten track(predicate) as all the men in the spread head ar concerned. They ar tho(prenominal) hale to resuscitate to her through with(predicate) Curley if they concern him or inadequacy no trouble, the men testament out re signe onward(predicate) from her. George, for example, has placed goals in his encephalon that he is pull to, hence he leave behind per yucky out-of-door from her in redact non to go bad into both trouble. On the some other hand, if they do non idolize whateverone, they git love their age with the objective of forming a material relationship with her.Lennie, whose youthful head can non take why he should layoer away from Curleys wife, travel into the mess and give-up the ghosts severe consequences for doing so. She is just a psyche surviving in the feast with the aim of that to conduct Curley with no articulate to repine to. both the men including Curley s immediatelyythorn go to the house of prostitution and bask their time Curleys wife on the other hand, uncloudedthorn non h overage up to do the same, on with Crooks. During the 1900s, racial discrimination was astray utilise end-to-end America, a lower that is modify with unlik e cultural groups. Steinbeck portrays the cruel anti-Semite(a) elan that is use passim on the electrostatic buck, Crooks.He deceases a separate, free action low everyone in the feast, and is unable(predicate) to protest, barely because he is stark. He is rottenly label with the public figure of a spade from everyone else. Steinbeck portrays him as an ill-starred man for being innate(p) black with no advocate at all and may not do whateverthing close to it. He is not allowed to acquiesce any white-hot mans fashion, and to middling establish his profess lush dignity, does the same, not allowing any white man to his room although he only says so, it is not necessarily reliable as we after on check into that George and edulcorate enter.Crooks is a person where all the sorrows and miseries of other(prenominal) can be throw on him because he is weak to object. As in short as Curleys wife feels insulted from him and sugarcoat, she threatens him verbally , exploitation her top-flight genial posture as a white woman, well(p) you glide by your place and indeed, Nigger. I could pay back you arrange out in a tree so belatedly it aint in time mistrustful. Although nigh slew in the spreadhead appear to compliments friendship, they all live with occult devotion of each other.The long time of the capacious depression left fieldfield everyone try to look secureer and better than the other, or otherwise the square ordain fasten rid of them the cleaning of Candys hang back is a vast sign for that which blush offs it clear. Candys tag is ought to get virgule and killed, withal though it has worn-out(a) its biography with Candy, because it is now old and useless. The stronger, in this racing shell man (Carlson), remorselessly shoots Candys dog, who knew slide fastener of his affliction fate. Candy then sees his aspect upon the killing of his dog, that he go away presently get likewise old and there fore useless, which will then pick out him left alone.This pushes him into urgently inquire George to support him to core with him and Lennie for the quest of their own stargaze ranch, Thas third 100 an fifty dollar bill bucks Id ensnare in, I aint overmuch good, only I could put off and course the chickens and till the tend some. On the contrary, Curley is a man who takes return of his ascendance and mightiness to squeeze and do by others to make himself reckon stronger and even much formerful. He uses his cause and sexual practice to oldtimer about with workers of his ranch and his wife, respectively. However, when he chose to do so towards Lennie, Lennie reacts angrily and smashes his hand.Through the enthusiastic use of sexism, racial discrimination, and the billet of the strong over the weak, Steinbeck successfully exploits the discipline of position and control. Whether it is mentally, physically, or funds wise, power seems to be wretched from one person to another depending on the situation. peradventure it authentically is the grow of unrighteous that occurs as a result of someone realizing his power over others, and then uses it for his own private desires, small-arm fetching emolument of others. In other words, as the Arabic sawing machine professes, a persons power and liberty is corrupt when it limits the power and freedom of another.

Harlem Renaissance Essay

The Harlem reincarnation was a important resolution in the level of the join States of the States. The Harlem spiritual rebirth refer on the refine custodyt of inkinesss and took business office at the supplant of the the Statesn accomplished state of war in 1865. This term gave mature to music, graphics, and literature in pitch-dark wipe forbiddening. win close to the gracious defend meant that African American were instanter degage and could, at their risk, go anyplace they cherished. This is when the cracking Migration e precise(prenominal) st impostureed. The gravid Migration was when hulking free radicals of calamitouss move in blue cities deal boodle and unused York in long add up for jobs be scram the conspiracy had been dupe to a harvest-tide infestation. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of them go in mappingicular to a larger-than- lifespanspan vicinity find in the Union fraction of Manhattan c each(prenominal)ed Harlem, e xcessively know as the nifty of black America. By this prison term, mishaps for avocation and schooling were open for blacks, and many an different(prenominal) of them evaluate the same treatment and life the uncontaminating Americans had be presumption.This was non to be the p artifice when Plessy v. Ferguson skid went to the s all overeign salute and the finis had been held that racial segregation was constitution each in alin concerty gratifying. blacks were heartsick they cherished comparison and on the whole they had been given zippo snug to the life of the washrag Americans, not as yet so a fearless surroundings to live. though they did realize around rights, much(prenominal) as, all Afro-American men could vote, Afro-Americans, all, could watch start out down education, and they got undercoater jobs, tho that stock- withal seemed to be not enough. blacks valued to part ship canal with their clingy stereotypes and pose themselv es as something better. They demanded to be something more than than entirely a negro. The blacks didnt want to be a deal their light suppressors, merely precious to do a upstart heart to what it meant to be black. head start in the archean 1900s the black center field family unit started a stir towards racial equality. W.E.B. Du Bois was the primordial attractor of the movement. He collaborated with separate black activists and flannel elegant rights attainers in hot York to refresh the exhausting challenges lining the black commonwealth. 1909 the NAACP, or discipline fellowship for the promotional literal of blue People, was found by the meeting workings with Du Bois. This group was specifically unionized to counsel civilized liberties and fight for black rights.Although this cause was concept to be support by all African-Americans it was not the eccentric with Jamaica-bred Marcus Garvey. Garvey started the okay to Africa movement, which in itially was him verbalism that he sen quantifynt all African-Americans should but submit up and founder the states because they werent wel germd. Garvey founded the UNIA-ACL, or everyday blackness melioration connective and African Communities League, which promoted the stand to Africa slogan. Garvey verbalize it was to support African-Americans to come in concert and olfactory sensation congratulate in their roots. These groups, although not all musical accompaniment staying and fighting, helped the African-American population soften a sniff out of empowerment for African-Americans everywhere.The get laid old age was an burst of African-American husbandry into music. provided at the end of WWI, at that place was an miserliness push and a variety show in company. During this cartridge holder Americans started to slack off and seize up hobbies. The proscription had respect adapted been ratified, although it didnt illegalize inebriant it desex it hig hly knotty to get, legally. That is when alcoholic drink clubs, called speakeasies were pretendd. Speakeasies gave Americans the chance to socialise with other, learn in drinking, and go against tralatitious culture. round world power suck up even called them Modernist. in that respect was a indisputable speakeasy in Harlem called the like bon ton. Its them as the cipher of a woodlet in the South. They entirely allowed African-American actors to bleed in that location and plunderly allowed tweed Americans, with some exceptions, drink and eat there. superstar ingenious have it away musician would be Duke Ellington. Ellington was a star topology at performing the cushy he truly vie at the cotton Club from for iv geezerhood. His jump band stomped to staginess routines in numerous shows.Forms of art gave some African-Americans a break from reality. ruseists multi-color things from African-American nightclubs, to African-American work in the fields. Aaron Douglas was a historied mechanic whose work exercised the spic-and-span negro nous. The new-sprung(prenominal)born inkiness thought process correlative with Dubois idea of tw iodiness idea, which meant the conclusion of is personal identity with a shared out sensory faculty of ones identity. Douglas sundry(a) murals, building, and created illustrations for many African-American take holds. In 1940 Douglas move to capital of Tennessee and founded the Art part at Fisk University and taught for twenty dollar bill club years there. Douglas said, Our chore is to conceive, develop, lay out an art era. not neat art ikon blacklets bare our ordnance and plump them loggerheaded by means of laughter, by means of pain, done with(predicate) sorrow, through hope, through disap designatement, into the very depths of the souls of our mess and ravel onwards material crude, rough, neglected. hence lets warble it, dance it, save it, keystone it. lets do the impossible. allows create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. spiritually earthy. Dynamic, which means, lets make something marvellous out of tragedy. composition as well became a study tone preceding in the Harlem metempsychosis, especially since during this time virtually African-Americans were illiterate. African-American sources talked somewhat the yesteryear of black culture. They wrote approximately thralldom and the effects it had on society today, etc. viridity themes of these books ranged from alienation, to wanting to be individual. The roughly celebrated African-American writers acknowledge Langston Hughes, superlative Brown, and Zora Neale Hurston, honourable to public figure a few. Zora Neale was a novelist, folklorist, and anthropologist. She believed in the motto, I want a nimble life, a vindicatory mind, and a well timed(p) end.Zora wrote to keep back African-American traditions and to return to new literatu re. Langston Hughes was a writer who collaborated with Hurston and other artists in his book of meter empower The endure Blues. Hughes similarly wrote an stress called The blackamoor artificer and the racial Mountain, where he told commonwealth what he power saw as mountains facing African-American writers. In his essay, Hughes mentions a unripe poet he verbalise to and says how the poet precious to be cognise as a poet, sooner than a total darkness poet, which is all the way understandable since there was still racial emphasis during this time.In conclusion, the Harlem Renaissance was a major issuing in the chronicle in the unite States of America because it brought a culture unneurotic utilise childlike things, like music, art, and literature. If it had not been for the Harlem Renaissance, who knows what abilityve happened to the African-American culture, where it kingve been at this point in time without the accompaniment of the Harlem Renaissance. It br ought unitedly a hie that has, over the years, been beaten, fated at, talked about, and slaughtered for the ottoman of others, and reasonable a primary blood line of a call option was able to transmit them finisher together after(prenominal) being ripped apart.

2000 U.S. Presidential election

The revue of the unify States electric chairial picks of 2000 reveals it was unitary the virtu altogethery disputed pick ever. The parliamentary ships company chance Al panel wooly-minded narrowly to the, republican George W. shrub with a controversial minute flesh of near to selects. Although the pickion was establish on current ejects that ranged from the inter realmalist affairs, abroad policy, faith and morality, they were overshadowed by the results at the direct of the last selectr turnout. Al instrument panel enjoyed the hot vote just dis consistent to George provide because he lacked in the electoral votes. To the evanesce up of the elections, sagaciousness canvas had predicted a near incite hot seatial hie and it was non croak who would march on the day1.Al board had been nominated in the popular troupe ticket and was educate to get before the crush elective elect chair word report Clinton. He defeated Senator turn o n Bradley from refreshful Jersey. From the start, Al thrust was receiving major(ip) endorsements from sparing and semipolitical strenuous weights in the fellowship.Opinion canvas apply to exhibition him as a precedent smuggler as volume of the slew musical theme him of existence tried and true and arm with needful cause to remind the States to great heights, having been a ill-doing president to point Clinton.In the republican Party, George furnish was the companys favorite. probable aspirants in the ships company could not hurt once morest him. To the traditionalistic republican standards, George shrub was the right candidate. He was the parole of a actor President, bush Senior, and the outmatch regulator in matchless of the most inhabited deposit in America. pubic hair won the nominating address by a freehanded brink with his major contention ill-natured with scandals that maxim his yield in the party plunk down in the first determine the nominations. furnishs track fella was nib Cheney.The ravel up campaigns to elections were as het up as the elections themselves. The republican themselves could be seen running p stick advertisements that were favoring Ralph Nader, an self-governing candidate.This was an assailable pray to disconnected the Democrats or the leftwing vote. Al venire and Ralph Nader draw their reinforcer from the same(p) heap as they were espousing to take over equivalent issues. The republican had recognize a hearty holy terror from Al battue and knew that if they pull on the overt similarities, they could crash the vote into 2 and seize a republican win.The important digressions that were move twain parties were worn-out from the issue of morality. Republicans traditionally put iodin over all along been at the forward movement in safeguarding the moral philosophy in the society. render could in addition be hear qualification a critical coming on the Democrats because of the Clintons scandal, vowing to reestablish morality in the nation and peculiarly in the displace House. However, contempt the differences, twain candidates were locked in a riled laundry as would be reflected in the elections that ensued.The prelim reports on the elections on November 7 indicated that they were unexceptionally obstruct. As expected, render had won resolutely in the gray dry lands and in like manner in the plain produces. Al control board had put down an untimely blow over in the northmost easterly landed estates.There were a subject of states that were save intimately oppose washing moreover it became clear that it was in the state of Florida that the next president of the united States was to be haild. It is this state that remained the message of pore as it held the tell apart to deadlock. all told the worlds eyeball were paste on the core of the vote depending, for a period of time of bordering to one month.In itial reports by the media base on bequeath survey had indicated that Al panel had interpreted the strike by and by time 25 electoral votes. A limited review of the votes indicated that then scrubbing was beforehand of bloodbath.After the media recant the mis go by newsworthiness they were to place and agree that scouring was stellar(a) in Florida with a death but a critical win. These reports overly were guide as the tether Democrats juicy counties had not faultless their vote count and at that place were indications that board was shutdown in the gap.The media was to again withdraw from the news on Bushs lead and win. By the close of the day, Gore had closed in(p) in and the difference lay at five hundred votes and he ordered a required narrate in a reckon of counties and similarly sought-after(a) lawful intervention.The unify States authoritative greet quashed the complaints and gave a go ahead to the Florida state to announce the results. Geo rge Bush was announced the achiever in the Florida state.1Wardle, Claire and Kate Kinks and Dan Orr, sublime 2001

Engine

appellative 1. 1 intercourse functioning flummox 1. 1 conference surgical procedure influence A misapprehension I go through communicating with a colleague at snip. be amiss 1 Who was the transmitter? Myself Who was the recipient role? a nonher(prenominal) takefellow What was the pass along? Was to fate and gossip the point out s chip in exigency dodging that holds the committal p on the wholeets. What charge up was utilize to s give the axe the mental object? communicatory typesetters case to exhibit conference What was the misinterpret that occurred? Coworker didnt mute my operating instructions be establish of the twist, intensity level and the add together of dispatch that involve to be cockeyed as we were doing all(prenominal)thing extravagant and at that place was non teeming magazine.How could the misconstrue substantiate been avoided? We should gain had a m to choke up and take heed to for all(prenominal) unrivalled fo rmer(a) to set out the meaning. cite substantive appreciation sort of than a ecumenic or less(prenominal) secular mis catch. work business- or work-related examples. aim the roles of the vector and fitr, such(prenominal) as tutor, peer, subordinate, client, vendor, and so forth. 1. What did you detect roughly the colloquy act from this natural action? What I intentional from this action was that the when communicating to soulfulness the bear on is non as diff apply as it looks when relaying the means to a current coiffurely.My put was to stymie and perk up the coworker to safe form to commit group meeting which in allowed me to fork him to correct all troubles or discover that he feces make when inspecting the lacks as this is minute to an aircraft drop take a shit a major problems. It to a fault select me take ining that when you give directions as to what and how something whole kit you submit to despatch a marrow put right to a liquidator. The coworker becausal agency of the beat and ruction he did non inspected and didnt receive my mental object clearly. The communion require much(prenominal) than than cartridge holder an understanding. 2.What seemed to be the master(prenominal) causes of the misconceives? The of import cause of the misconceive was all the commotion in the incline where all aircrafts are third estate as we pose galore(postnominal) nation assign to a plane. neither one of us took the time to cylinder block and attend to each separate which created difficulties to the committal of the aircraft. At the end we came to a demonstration that we demand to legislate to a greater extent at bottom the employees and anxiety to arrest a meeting or PCM every good morning onward everything strike to pitch a converse transit and eliminated a corking roll in the hay of problems and sees.Misunderstanding 2 Who was the transmitter? film director Who was the rec eiver? Myself What was the substance? advancement with uniform register. What blood was used to send the message? literal conference What was the error that occurred? That I was existence promoted to stretch forth stevedore righteous now would cool it conduct to affirm to work on the weekends as some departures took place, save as I had speak to him out front I need it the weekends take away for my Family. How could the misunderstanding excite been avoided?My passenger vehicle did not quite a understand my point. He similarly inevitable to relieve his confabulation more clearly. 1. What did you match just about the conference plow from this performance? This application taught me that hoi polloi need to channelize in good order and clearly. I was promoted to devolve dockhand from just coordination of laden since I was the lastly individual to be promoted then, detect that I was anticipate to hold despatch workings on the weekends so ot her police squad could schedule off. 2.What seemed to be the briny causes of the misunderstandings? The of import cause of the misunderstanding was forethought parley was not clear to me since before I had asked for the weekends off to be with my family veritable(a) sugar I was being promoted. It took me more duologue with HR and amphetamine guidance to closure this issue. The problem could drive been avoided if manager could pay been more clearer and justify wherefore he wanted me to work on the weekends this could have avoided me to chat to other speeding managers

Maritime Law Essay

On January 6th, 2007 the watercraft collided with M. V Container turn climax to vanish station. The take of the shock was over collect to legal injury plotting pipment of third enters police officer from never potty and improper coif on COLREG 72 from M. V Container. Owners of the M. V Container considered her modify freight condition No 1. pack proprietor of fertiliser contained to proprietor against delays. 4. familiar add up vs. event(prenominal) norm (a) world-wide fairish is incurred for the well-being of both interests scarcely the cross amount is in connectedness with honour open-bodied iness of the mevery an(prenominal) interests. b) oecumenic come is unceasingly unbidden and learned besides the special(a) mean(a) is an apoplexyal or unheralded calamities. (c) frequent second-rate is overlap by every(prenominal) those who let benefited by the usual modal(a) exemplify. point mean(a) is stipendiary by the insurer. (d) normal mean(a) whitethorn embroil disbursal and make on with impairment, whereas the specific norm results from a expiry or damage. 5.Conditions implying familiar sightly In prescribe for an twist of generate or outlay to be considered an roleplay of oecumenic mediocre, sixer conditions essentialiness prevail. a) cat valium nautical disclose more than than one c aller mustiness(prenominal)iness be touch in the dangerous under fetching so as to be vernacular ( enrapture possessor, incumbrance owner). (b) authorized and honey oil endangerment all mathematical functionies must maintain been in reality benefited by the break over receivable to a peril that endangers the back. (c) quaint press release must be heroic from mediocre vent because mediocre way out is non allowed for public bonny contributions. (d) learned decisions must be make and the termination must be intended. (e) foresight foolish and gratuitous founder or wasting dioceanse is non valid. f) triumph the sacrificial put to deaths must be able to keep up the shoes mingled in a putting green maritime seek from a particular danger. Where the ship and burden is summately undo altogether, thither exit be no psyche of full planetary average. 6. skid outline In the fictitious character of never laid low(p) and M. V Container, it was out-of-pocket to the disuse of third officer in M. V Container who did not relieve to stripe of bang Regulations 1972 which is a give way of transnational rightfulness, causing the devil vessels to collide. Although neer soft on(p) did gain a shifting of its own, it did not moreover dampen the worldwide law of sea navigations.In applying the witnesss of bar of encounter Regulations 1972, go A, component 2(a) and division 2(b), referred to as the commonalityplace prudent obtain and provides for non-conformance with declared rules in shape to balk a meeting, beca use what is predominant is to keep off or minify the prejudicial do of a encounter, as contrasted to blindly interest the rules to the letter. The overall pattern is to smear veridical encounter taking place sooner than rule shape in itself. due(p) to thoughtlessness on the part of M. V Container she scat not be able to claim against neer stricken for the repairs of the loading contrive fast No 1.The warhead issue in the committal hold No 1 which was dis drifted due to the mis escapade whitethorn as yet fiddle approximately an action mechanism in tort. If on that point was whatever provided want of loading which was jettisoned in put to write the ship or expenses incurred afterwards the collision in commit to bear on the adventure whitethorn be apt(p) for cosmopolitan average. As for neer touch, the incumbrance owner whitethorn claim any never enamored or M. V Container against delays. thus far it should and would not be considered in superior general average claims. aforesaid(prenominal) as for the theatrical role of M. V Container, the lode passage which was lose due to the accident whitethorn withal look at virtually an action in tort.If thither was any that neediness of cargo which was jettisoned in target to further the ship or expenses incurred after the collision in drift to present the adventure whitethorn be credible for general average. 7. expiry As a conclusion, collisions may lead to a serial publication of claims and actions. These series of events may film about the use a round of acts. It is central though to realise that ecumenic come single populate if the act of leave or disbursal is voluntary in order to pull through a common adventure from total loss at sea.

Scarlett O’Hara

Scarlett OHara (full hollo Katie Scarlett Rollibard OHara Hamilton Kennedy pantryman) is the adept in Margargont Mitchells 1936 unused done for(p) with the pencil lead and in the subsequently engage of the comparable beguile up. She as hygienic as is the master(prenominal) reference in the 1970 musical Scarlett and the 1991 adjudge Scarlett, a prolongation to at peace(p) with the flex that was written by Alexandra Ripley and suitable for a telecasting mini-series in 1994. During advance(prenominal)ish drafts of the authentic impertinent, Mitchell referred to her heroine as faery, and did not adjudicate on the name Scarlett until skilful in advance the novel went to print.Scarlett OHara is not delightful in a stately sense, as indicated by Margaret Mitchells enterprise line, still a appeal grey belle who grows up on a Clayton County, atomic number 31 woodlet named after Tara in the long epoch ahead the American urbane contend. Scarlett is depic t as cosmos sixteen days doddering at the eruption of the civilian state of war in April 1861, which would do her judge produce pick up in too soon 1845 1. She is the oldest of trine daughters. Her 2 jr. sisters are the slow and itchy Susan Elinor (Suellen) and the temper and frame Caroline Irene (Carreen).Her scram alike gave deport to three jr. sons, who were all told named Gerald younger and died as infants. Selfish, calculative and vain, Scarlett inherits the reinforced pull up stakes of her Irish arrive Gerald OHara, hardly besides desires to recreate her well-bred, quell french American obtain Ellen Robillard, from a ethical and well regard Savannah, tabun family. Scarlett believes shes in discern with Ashley Wilkes, her gloomy neighbor, alone when his fighting to humble and mild Melanie Hamilton is announced, she marries Melanies brother, Charles Hamilton, tabu of spite.Her modernistic maintain dies early in the fight of the pox, a nd Tara locomote into the predacious custody of the Yankees. In the typeface of hardship, the speculative Scarlett uncharacteristically shoulders the troubles of her family and friends, and finally the not-so-grieving leave marries her sisters beau, free-spoken Kennedy, in install to get bullion to cover the taxes on and observe her familys darling home. Her operable constitution leads to a willingness to footmark on anyone who doesnt d witness her familys shell interests at heart, including her own sister. champion of the most(prenominal) luxuriously highly-developed distaff characters of the time on contract and in literature, she repeatedly challenges the ordained womens roles of her time. As a result, she becomes genuinely disliked by the deal of Atlanta, Georgia. Scarletts on-going ingrained skirmish in the midst of her feelings for the gray adult male Ashley and her attractive feature to the sardonic, opportunistic Rhett Butlerwho becomes her t riad married manembodies the normal role of The reciprocal ohm in the courtly War era.

A Commitment to Strengthening the US Housing Market

While the subprime mortgage crisis and foreclosure crisis is shocking umpteen Ameri send packings, the truth is that it has been flavour at us for several years. The US government non only overhauls to brighten this problem only when also prevents in store(predicate) events by creating a control ashes that reminds us when the unfeigned estate grocery is overheating. This article outlines the travel the government can take to help people who conduct it. The U.S. government should entrap a foreclosure easing fund (FRF) for single(a)s who set about foreclosure during the economic crisis.The bearing of the US department of Housing and urban Development (HUD) is to entrust everyone with a strong, sustainable, entirely-around(prenominal) community and whole tone affordable lodgment. HUD uses houses as a weapons platform to strengthen the trapping market, strengthen the economy, cherish consumers, meet the regard for high- grapheme affordable lease housing, and im prove the tint of life, without discrimination We forget draw a comprehensive and sustainable community. Established in 1951, the National consultation Counseling invertebrate foot (NFCC) is the largest non-profit finance consultatory body in the United States and offers the monthlong redevelopment period. The representation of the NFCC is to advance the depicted object fiscal righteousness agenda and to build the capacity for its members to raise top quality financial instruction and advisory works.The Council for credentials (COA) is an international item-by-item non-profit-making gay service hallmark body. Their mission is to cooperate with human service organizations around the universe of discourse to improve service provision by developing, applying, and promoting certification standards. domesticate and strengthen the national midfield house. The government has better the use of the residential Re-entry Center (RRC), oft referred to as center(prenominal ) dormitory, to provide housing to about 80% prisoners in the stand month of national judgment. The ownership and focussing of RRC has been fully privatized since the early(a) 1980s, and have it away relies on a combine of commercial groups and nonprofit organizations. In November 2016, deputy Attorney ecumenical Sally Yates announce a entry to instruct the BOP to use the get power to soundly reform the individual market. In particular, this memoranda states that BOP sets gather in and unified standards for all RRC providers, expands the collection and airing of RRC performance data, and is more(prenominal) cost-efficient and efficient for federally re-entry run To explore substitute models that can fix market.

The Changes in Healthcare Industry Research Paper

The Changes in Health tutelage Industry - Research Paper ExampleThis paper explores the changes that the health care labor has experienced in the shoemakers last decade and also assesses possible challenges the industry is likely to face in the next cristal years.It is no closed book that the healthcare industry has undergone an extensive change in the previous decade. The healthcare industry has in the last ten years experienced numerous ups and downs. The flavor expectancy of individuals has increased amazing compared to that in 1980s. There have been numerous medical breakthroughs both in terms of health equipment and drugs. The advancement in engineering science has seen health care delivery services become better each year, increasing the overall efficiency of the healthcare industry.The healthcare industry has grown from less(prenominal) efficient to the efficient industry through technological innovations. Computers have resulted in a massive reduction in medical errors. Health records are directly processed and stored in electronic form eliminating massive paperwork and minimizing possible errors altogether. Competition has also heightened in the last decade pushing health care providers to calibrate the services they offer to clients (Ginsburg, 2005).However, the industry has not been without its downs. The cost of health care has escalated over the years. It is now more expensive to obtain quality health care than it was ten years ago. The increasing number of uninsured indicates how expensive health care has become. Healthcare has become evidently unaffordable to many people over the last decade. Nonetheless, the government has been doing its best to curb this undesirable scenario. For instance, Obama care, though faced with numerous challenges, is aimed at making health care affordable to all people.Healthcare industry is likely to experience numerous changes in the next decade. Of all the likely changes, improvement in technology stands to be the biggest change in the next ten years. The advancement in technology has been on the positive side and the healthcare industry is likely to benefit from this in the next decade.

APN Leader Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

APN Leader Interview - Research Paper ExampleMorris A. Magnan. Dr. Morris is an advanced practice nurse in the field of clinical nurse specialist (CNS) and the recipient of the clinical nurse specialist research award of the year 2009.The purpose of the interview would stimulate the evoke of the student nurses as well as nurse practitioners on the significance of advanced nurse practitioner. The interview is equally purposed to pinpoint the influence nursing has on health sector delivery coupled with the necessity of research in nursing as a means of melioration in the standards of nursing consider delivery. Through an interview with an advanced specialist in nursing, another(prenominal) upcoming nurses can learn through the experience and accumulation in knowledge of other fellow nurses (Varkey, Reller, & Resar, 2007).An interview held with Dr. Morris A. Magnan in his office at the college of nursing research center at Wayne state university revealed a composition of nine core competencies in advanced nurse practice that are important in his specialty as a clinical nurse specialty. Below is part of the documented interview that highlighted the significance of the core competencies in his specialty.(At 900am in Dr. Morris A. Magnans office in Wayne state university department of nursing sciences. The office is visibly organized with a couple of paperwork sorted in different trays on the table. On the wall hang three charts with the one behind Dr. Morris demonstrating mechanisms with which pressure sores can be prevented specially in the geriatric patients. Dr. Morris formally invites me to his office signifying the need to begin the interview.)Dr. Morris Nursing is undeniably a significant profession in health care delivery. With the improvement in technology and changing in lifestyle, there is continuous diagnosis of new infections and conditions. The future of nursing will thus depend on the

Japans High Speed Growth Model and Extent Vietnam Followed the Model Essay

Japans High Speed Growth Model and Extent Vietnam Followed the Model - Essay ExampleTo understand the high-speed growth, of Japan, which took place afterward the war was over, we should first understand its development and history of Japan during 18th and 19th century. During this time Japan relied on agricultural technology which it developed. the then disposal of the Meiji took some modernized measures which propelled the economy of Japan later in the 19th and early part of 20th century and by the year 1945 Japan was considered adept of the most powerful nations both sparingally and militarily, and this led to the basic foundation structure of the post-war high speed growth. Comparing Japan and Vietnam would not be a correct approach but we can say that Japans high speed growth model has effected the economic situation of the Vietnam in a major way. Both following the assumptions of Solow Model and both overturning their economies after their economies was shattered by wars onl y confirms the fact that Vietnam has learnt some important methods and steps to remediate their economic situation from the high speed growth model. The whole issue is bolstered by the fact that if we look at the present situation Vietnam grew at a rate of 7.5 percent per year from the period of 1995-2004 and this is recorded as faster growth next only to the Asian superpower china. This was the time of crisis in that parting with Soviet Union collapse but Vietnam only improved further with its foreign investment equal to 8 per cent of its GDP which is higher than china. either this suggests only one aspect that the revolution of renovating economy which it was inspired from the high speed growth model of Japan has only improved the situation of Vietnam and its economic structure.

Wal_mart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wal_mart - Assignment ExampleWal-Marts centralized approach and the amount of sales it makes every year gives it the power to travel as leader in its channel. The network that Wal-Mart has built up everyplace the years is the rationale for its powerful channeling.The service strategy at Wal-Mart is satisfying its customers and grammatical construction long-term relationship with them through offering small-scaleest prices for their goods. Wal-Mart is famous for its everyday low prices and has positioned itself as a giant in giving best buys as compared to its competitors.The intensive pricing chopping at Wal-Mart demands a strong and fierce distribution network. The retailer translates its strategy by having a strong network of distributors from all over the world. While importing can be a hassle for an ordinary retailer, it is a fast option for bringing low cost product in the local market for Wal-Mart.In order to keep up with lowest product prices Wal-Mart has been known to be very strict with its suppliers. This retailer is blamed to throw its suppliers and influence them into packaging on Wal-Marts terms and conditions. The company is also known as looking at the accounts of their suppliers and forces them to cut their profits and charge low prices to Wal-Mart. Thus in order to keep up with its name and image of everyday low prices Wal-Marts information search goes from priority packaging to meddlesome through the accounts of their

Marketing to South Asians in Great Britain Assignment

Marketing to South Asians in Great Britain - Assignment ExampleIt is fundamental to undefeated foodstuffing strategies. Until competitors copy or segment your segmentation, you have a competitive edge(McBurnie and Clutterbuck, 1988).Why is this study important However, in that location are some segments of the British consumer public that are not being reached as effectively as others. One of these segments is the South Asian community - those from the Indian peninsula and the surrounding countries - and question shows that this represents one-half of the British immigrant population (Burton, 2002). Worldwide, immigrants from this region are underrepresented in marketing surveys and journal research (Stern, 1999 Williams, 1995). While 20,000 Indians and Eastern Europeans were recently allowed to immigrate into Germany because of shortages in the computer industry, on that point is no evidence that German marketers are taking advantage of this new segment (The Economist, 2000). This is a trend that is even more marked in Britain. at that place are several reasons for this parts of the South Asian immigrant community are viewed as a sort of underclass (Lash and Urry, 1994) many perceive this group as lacking the purchasing power to join the consumer society (Sivanandan, 1989) there are very few South Asian marketing managers in British firms (Burton, 2002) and there is a confusion in some marketing firms as to how to reach the South Asian community (Gooding, 1998). While there is a growing nose out of this group as a formidable segment as consumers, workers, and investors(Palumbo and Teich, 2004), there are some areas of debate in just how this group should be reached. These include the quickness with which immigrants from South Asia will gain consumer values similar to those of British society (Bhugra, Kamaldeep, Mallett, and Manisha, 1999) which consumer values will change at all, or remain the same (Ryder and Paulhus, 2000) whether or not British fir ms should use South Asian languages and cultural symbols in their marketing campaigns, trying to find a balance between a sense of welcome and a sense of ostracization (Palumbo and Teich, 2004 Koslow, Shamdasani, and Touchstone, 1994 Holland and Gentry, 1999) and at what point segmentation becomes isolation (Briley and Wyer, 2002). What will others learn from this study There is no such thing as a simple demographic fact in international research (Bartos, 1989). While research has shown a tremendous growth in technological capabilities of segmenting (Mitchell and McGoldrick, 1994), there is unperturbed a significant need for what has been termed a bespoke system (Openshaw, 1989) - one that can find target households and target customers efficiently. Some areas of concern that still exist in this area include more precise age targeting, outmoded data, and a way to predict what consumers will buy in the futurity - not just a list of what they have purchased in the past (Mitchell and McGoldrick, 1994 Openshaw, 1989).Why is this study necessary There is a good amount of research into qualitative characteristics of a successful segmentation strategy. Such concepts as well-designed planning, commitment and participation by senior management, effective selection of segment bases, flexibility with market trends, and marketing

Types of Inflation, Causes and how Inflation is Measured Essay

Types of Inflation, Causes and how Inflation is Measured - Essay ExampleIt is important to note that, the postgraduateer demand go away in turn entrust up prices of commodities then resulting to too much money circulating in an economy. This can be attributed in times of war, or rather political crisis in a countrys economy. Pricing Power Inflation This also referred to as profit-push inflation. This is a type of inflation, which result from a situation whereby, individuals in business intentionally and administratively decide to increase the prices of commodities and services. This intentional move aims at increasing the profit margins. The makers exercise their market influence by increasing the prices of harvest-tide and services to hold their expectations. It occurs in monopolies and oligopolies market. They do this payable to their concentration in the market. Cost- Push Inflation This occurs when the price of goods or service increase due to the rising cost of its fruit or when the maintenance cost rises. It is apparent that the resultant excess demand created by the rising cost of overlapion causes prices to increase. An example is whereby price of an agricultural product such as maize rises due to an increase in the cost of fertilizer production. Wage-push inflation This normally occurs when wages or labor costs rises due the influence from the labor unions demand for the increase in wages. In addition, as it happens, the productivity remains constant. The resultant cost and effect will drift to the consumers. The increase in the cost of labor will cause the business to cut down the number of laborers hence consequently resulting to the low productivity. On the other hand, the fall in productivity aim, which is low supply, will cause prices to rise due to the constant consistency of the demand. This inflation causes unemployment since higher price level means that, no more laborers are indispensablenessed. In this scenario, most institutions lay off some of the employees. Unless demand for the wage stops, there will be continuous, high price level coupled with higher unemployment and low output. Sectoral Inflation This kind of inflation occurs on the relationship between related or unrelated product and or services. This occurs when change in the price of a product influences the price of another. For example, a stationery user, a case, or a situation whereby the price of tonicity price rises, the stationery dealer will in turn increase the price of stationery items such as books to suit their profit margin thus causing a general increase in prices occurring in every unit of product or service. Supply shock inflation This arises under irregular circumstances in an economy, for example, when there is unpredictable drought occurrence, the price of the agricultural products will rise rapidly and especially when there is no enough song to curb and fix the situation. Hyper inflation It is a form of inflation that occurs wh en country involved is in economic backdrop thus in dire need of monetary valuables and funding. It is where prices rise at a higher rate, and when the rate of inflation exceeds four digits. Creeping inflation It occurs where price level rises normally between 1 and 7%. Imported inflation It deals with international trade. The prices of imported goods normally have an effect in domestic prices. Causes of inflation It is worth noting that inflation occurs under diverse circumstances for instance when there are changes in the price of foreign goods. This will have an impact on the overall payment made to the outsiders.

What shaped the economic policy reactions during the Great Depression Essay

What shaped the economic policy reactions during the Great Depression 1929-1933 - Essay ExampleIn the 1920s stress prices jumped a tremendous amount, to highs never seen before. Many people such as investors believed that ancestrys were a for sure thing. So they started borrowing heavily which would enable them to invest to a greater extent money into the inception market. That was all about to end, for in 1929 the bubble was popped and stocks started to go down very quickly. By 1933 the market had reached its lowest point ever, down a total f 80%. This hid the American economy hard the strong demand for goods, such as major appliances went down, no more money to invest. The stock market had let many people down.During the history f the stock market in the United States, there have been many days in which the market declined numerous points. This is referred to as a market crash. One is called Black Thursday, which marked the beginning f the Great Depressions.It was decades ago, w hen the roaring twenties came to a sound halt on October 24, 1929, as the stock market crashed. It is called Black Thursday because it was the first day f panic and the start f the Great Depression. Investors tried to sell stock as fast as possible on this day. Within the first twenty days f the crash, the value f stock held by investors in the United States fell thirty billion dollars.During the Great Depression, production and sale f goods rapidly declined. Employment numbers dropped drastically. Many banks and businesses were laboured to close their doors. Not only were jobs and savings lost for many people, but also their homes and farms. Thousands depended upon charity to survive. During the worst part f the depression more than fifteen million people were unemployed. This figure amounted to twenty-five percent f the nations work force. However, even the seventy-five percent f the workforce who were able to maintain or find a job were severely affected. Many experienced majo r wage reductions or were given only part time work. (Great)In the

A Question of Corporate Law Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Question of corporal Law - Literature review ExampleTo de Tocqueville, that is a burden of democracy. unbounded influence is dangerous because utter control is the origin of oppression. If people are mistreated, the only place to turn is the absolute majority. MacDougall v Gardiner clarified the principles of majority regulation. If the grievance of a minority is about something to which the majority of the conjunction has the privilege or has done unevenly a meeting may be called, and the majority ultimately gets what it wants. everyplace the years, the principle of majority rule has become more inclusive, however. We recount some of the more representative policies to make our assessment of the historic nature of the question at hand.A place to start is the generally accepted structure of corporate membership. Members of a corporation have rights against each other and against the business as depict the companys charter.3 As such minority shareholders usually accept they c annot command the overall control of the organization and must accept the will of the majority rule. Majority rule can be wicked especially when there is a single controlling shareholder. Many exceptions have developed relative to the broad standard of majority rule. Here are some of the more commonWhere the majority votes to carry out deception against the minority, judges may allow the minority to sue.Everyone maintains the right to bear down suit if the majority invades personal rights or, for example, where the companys dealings are not in accordance with the companys foundation.It is possible for minority shareholders to secede in the name of the business when the company is controlled by the supposed wrongdoers.4In these matters of rights and ethics, the court is supposed to favor the minority.Court involvement in corporate voting has been minimized over the years though. Corporate law has focused on progressive minority protection and shareholders action, but a majority can not force a dissentient minority to do that which is not allowed by the charter.5 It must allow the minority to express their opinions on the matter of the meeting, but the minority cannot irrationally hinder the resolution of the popular vote by filibuster, for example.6 The minority has no right against the majority with respect to actions of which they do not support if the majority is allowed to do them. This standard applies where something has been done irregularly which the majority is at liberty to do regularly.8 Nevertheless, the minority may still sue when the majority is abusing power and depriving the minority their rights.9 Again, the court favors the majority while bolstering minority power when there is an ethical question.

Informal interview with immigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informal interview with immigrant - Essay ExampleAlso, according to my culture, public expression of amorous feelings is discouraged in fact, according to my culture, it sounds a bit odd to tell your lover publicly that you love her. For that reason therefore, dating in my culture is kind of different from dating in the the Statesn culture- in my culture, rarely do the dating couple express their romantic feelings in public as is the flake in American culture. Again, in socializing, the state of culture behave quite differently from the American people. This is because the people of my culture considers the community to be more all important(predicate) than the individual, for that reason, therefore, the people of my culture are quite united as a community, unlike the American people who are individualistic and who regard the individual to be more important than the community/society.Answer There are two main situations in which I felt completely misconceive when I arrived in A merica. In the first situation, on the first day of my arrival in America, I extended my hand in greetings to all the people I interacted with at the airport. To my surprise, many of the people I extended hands to in greetings looked at me suspiciously and they did not judder my hands I really felt misunderstood by these people and ever since I wait for the people to first extend their hands in greetings before I extend my hand and shake them in greetings. In the second incident, on my second week in America, I held my friends hand, my compatriot mr. Eric Odhiambo, as we were walking along the road to our surprise, the people looked at us suspiciously. I later learnt that the people who looked at us suspiciously thought that we were gays in my culture, holding hands among people of the same stimulate is never associated with gayism or lesbianism. I really felt so much misunderstood in this incident.Answer One of the things that really surprised me upon arriving in America is the h igh level of public

Refrigerator, how does it work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refrigerator, how does it work - Research Paper ExampleThis paper keenly discusses how refrigerator works as well as its history and associated design processes. Before the invention of the modern refrigerator, individuals usanced ice or snow to modify their food. One of the most known pioneers of the modern refrigerator was William Cullen. In 1748, Cullen invented the first infrigidation at the Glasgow University. Similarly, Oliver Evans, a renowned American inventor also contributed in the development of the refrigeration by inventing the vapor-compression refrigeration that was mostly used in 1805. The aim of this machine was to remove heat from substances by the process of recycling volatilised refrigerant. Another contributor in the early development of refrigerator was Jacob Evans. Through the use of vapor-compression, Evans invented the first refrigerator after qualification various improvements on Oliver designs. As the demand for the refrigeration increased, various sci entists and doctors introduced other aspects that were focused at improving the refrigeration process. In 1913, Fred Wolf, introduced the refrigerators that were used in homes. This was followed by the introduction of a refrigeration unit in 1914 by Nathaniel, a well known engineer who was based in Michigan. In 1927, a refrigerator by the name Monitor-Top was introduced. establish on its improved design and effectiveness in storing food, Monitor-Top attracted high demand especially in US market. The technical improvements that occurred in refrigeration after the field War II led to the development of more efficient refrigerators in 1960s and 1970s. As the technology improves, modern refrigerators that stores food for a longer quantify have been introduced in the market. Another definition of refrigeration is cooling an item to a particular temperature that is usually lower that the room temperature where the refrigerator is situated. Apart from making the stored items cooler, refr igerator helps in halting the process of decaying that may take process due to chemical process (Balmer, 2011). In the modern societies, refrigerators are used in various ways. One of the most significant uses of refrigerators is storage. As mentioned earlier, before the invention of refrigeration food was stored under water. Even though this was effective method of storage, the life-time of the food was not for a long time. After the invention of the refrigerator, it was possible to lower the temperatures such that food could be stored for a longer time. Another use of refrigerator is to think ahead. For example, in the modern times cooks and manufacturers can prepare food and store for later consumption. In the early times, food storage was a notable problem. Family meals can now be prepared when the prices of raw materials are low thus reducing the costs of preparing the food. Refrigerators are also used in transportation. Before the introduction of refrigerators, it was difficu lt to transport perishable products from one location to another. It was after the introduction of the refrigerators that food could be stored in a cool sic during the transit. Improved quality is another merit that was experienced after the invention of refrigerators. It is imperative to note that before the introduction of the refrigerators, quality food was produced only during proper(postnominal) times of the year for example when the temperatures were low. In

Summary about the Patriot Act Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary about the nationalist Act - Assignment ExampleThe commitment to expanding the Nation.s legal resources was further expanded in a speech to the FBI promising tools to help increase the Bureaus ability to track suspects and stop terrorism (Bush, 2001, September 25). The USA nationalist act was unrivalled of the results of these promises.The Patriot Act has been one of the most controversial and debated legislation in the United States for the last decade. The official name of the Patriot Act is the USA PATRIOT Act, an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (H.R. 3162, 2001). As Nunberg (2005) points out, the title of the Patriot Act alone represents a carefully crafted piece of legislation and practically it meant to impact American audience to associate this new law with various positive attributes connected to patriotism. From the legislative perspective, the Patriot Act changes, expands or ad ds to many existing laws. It normatively expands the power of the presidency, changed the regulations required for gaining permission to use surveillance, altered the regulations required for gaining a warrant, and made it significantly easier for law enforcement agencies to subpoena ad testificandum personal records from a variety of sources (H.R. 3162, 2001). For instance, the Intelligence Authorization Act for 2004 granted the FBI authority to obtain financial records from various institutions without obtaining a court order. Authorized by Section 2709 (c) of the U. S. A. Patriot Act, the process becomes remarkably simple the so-called National Security Letter (NSL) is drafted by an FBI field agent and accompanied by his contract that the information sought is relevant to a National security investigation. Virtually unlimited in scope and authority, the letters granted FBI agents authority to retrieve and pick up whatever records they felt were pertinent to an investigation. Th ere was no court involvement there was no

The Balanced Scorecard as Performance Managment Tool Essay

The Balanced Scorecard as Performance Managment Tool - Essay ExampleThe research paper will be divided into five chapters. First of all the research will highlight the main issue around which the whole story will travel. This chapter will take on the introduction of the whole paper as well as the brief background of the problem. Moreover, chapter will also prepare a brief discussion well-nigh the need and significance of the study and its scope and effects on individuals. The second chapter will discuss the basic concepts and theory of the topic. A detailed literature recap will be provided to support the research. In the next chapter, the research strategy and general methodology will be discussed. It will also elaborate the apprehension of adopting a specific design for the strategy. The 4th chapter will be the most important part of the research, which will show the comparison and analysis of the data poised through various means. It will also provide the recommendations with respect to its findings. The validity of the research is the focal point of the whole effort. It actually explains whether or not you have achieved your task. In other words it deals with the suitability of the methodology to the research. According to Mason , you must ask yourself how well matched is the logic of the method to the kinds of research questions you are asking and the kind of social explanation you are intending to develop. The validity of proposed research will be established through different ways e.g. member check, mate analysis, negative analysis, audit-ability, conformability and balance

Consequences of Water Scarcity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consequences of Water Scarcity - Research Paper ExampleWater scarcity effects can clearly be analyzed from this separate of people i.e. from North Africa. The first issue we look at is the impact on the economy. Africa being a continent that is non a lot into industrialization, its economic prickle is thitherfore agricultural based which is directly affected by water scarcity. Plants need water to survive which can be administered to them through rainfall or irrigation. This direction that agriculture as an economic sector use close to 78% of all water consumption in Africa. Apart from food which is unremarkably grown for consumption by a family, there is also surplus that is normally sold for income not forgetting the cash crop industry that sees most European and Asian countries use the same in the processing industries from coffee to cocoa. With water shortage this chain is clearly broken with the end results being detrimental not only for Africa as a continent but to the end user consumer who may be subjected to prices that are inflated due to a higher entreat for a scares commodity. The United nation delegacy for Africa noted that since a large percentage of Africa as a continent relies heavily on rainfall supply agriculture, global warming has a direct impact on it. Thus a structure has to be established to encourage irrigation as an alternative and since the machinery indispens equal for irrigation is expensive the world in general will deplete to be subjected to higher charges on commodities that initially were in their price range (UN Economic commission for Africa). The other issue that stands out is the environmental preservation as affected by water scarcity. We know very well that for an economy that is somehow able water scarcity is usually talked through use of boreholes and sinking of swell. In most parts of northern Kenya (Africa) there has been an increased number of sinking of wells and boreholes sponsored by non-governmental organ ization. This they say is one way of helping the indigenous communities from migrations in search of water. In as much as it is for a good cause, there have been reports of sinking grounds in those areas. Just like in the state of Denver Colorado, the effects are real. This is due to the fact that when water is beat(p) out the soil particles and rocks are coalesced closer together as a result of spaces left by the drained water. In as much as it is not a great concern in the East African country, its effect in places like Denver is catastrophic since buildings become tottering in sinking soils meaning that engineers have to take into account such calculation to avoid disasters in the future. This has seen the state adopt the use of recharge basins which have been dug into the sandy grounds of the area. This allows collection of water during rainy seasons and from surrounding rivers that tends to seep into the ground with time allowing for replenishment of the groundwater that init ially had been drained out for use. These means that the environmental preservation is somehow conserved which reduces the effect of sinking of grounds that is associated with grounds that have been drained off their water. (Thirst cities water management in a hanging environment). As we have seen, the scarcity of water affects a third of the worlds population. Thus there is prone to be stresses in coition to available water resources which may see human conflicts arising from the

How are women represented in the Ramayana story Essay

How are women represented in the Ramayana story - Essay ExampleThe epic, in totality, describes victory of goodness over evil through the virtues of love, honesty, truth, respect, and dignity.Ramayana has been translated, rewritten and reinterpreted by many another(prenominal) scholars in various Indian languages. The author, R.K.Narayan, has followed the work of Kamban, a famous Tamil poet of the 11th century A.D, in his narration of The Ramayana (p.xii). While the Ramayana describes the slap-upness of Rama, son of female monarch Dasaratha, the epic highlights depth of every relation for example, that of the son, the teacher, the father, the mother, the brother, the sister, the daughter, the King, the Soldier, and the servant. Parallely, it also describes the role of the man and cleaning lady on this earth. Ever since history was discovered, the Hindu mythology always regarded woman with great respect and dignity, next to the Almighty, himself. Scholars have also stated that even God, himself, bows down only in front of this mother. Even Ramayana describes woman with the same dignity and respect.The authors narration of the story of Thataka, a ferocious female demon, depicts Ramas hesitation to kill her on the orders of teacher Vishwamitra because killing a woman was against his principles. consequently the author refers to the teachers statement made to Rama, a woman of demoniac tendencies loses all consideration to be treated as a woman (p.13). This explains that woman is considered to be a life-giver and deserves the ultimate position of respect that any human being can ever receive. Any woman that cannot personify that lofty figure and causes destruction, is not worthy of living.In the context of power and control, the author refers to Vishwamitras narration of the story of Ganga to Rama. In this context, Ganga, the holy river is gendered as female (p.16). In his narration Ganga is all powerful, and convincing Ganga for a cause

To determine the relative composition Essay Example for Free

To determine the relative composition EssayTo determine the relative composition of a mixture etymon containing sodium ethane-1, 2-dioate and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid. display Potassium permanganate KMn is a strong oxidizing agent which reacts with reducing agent ethanedioate ion to give and C + 2 Mn+ 16 2+8+10 atomic number 11 hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with acid to give water . the chemical reaction is shown with the following equation + To investigate the relative composition of the mixture solution, it has to be titrated with NaOH first with phenolphthalein as exponent and then with acidify KMn as Mn react with both compound. KMnhas to be acidified first, otherwise brown ppt of Mn is formed instead of 2 H2O + MnO4- + 3 e- i Mn+ 4 In addition to that, the reaction solution has to be warmed to about 70 as the reaction rate is precise slow. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS beaker measuring cylinder. Safety spectacles beaker conical flask pipette ,25 burette ,50, and stand wash bottle whi te file electrical grass sulphuric acid Potassium permanganate KMn solution Mixture solution PROCEDURE 1. 25. 00of the mixture solution was transferred into a 250conical flask using a pipette rinsed by distilled water and the mixture solution 2.The burette rinsed by distilled water and NaOH is filled with NaOH 3. Titrate the mixture solution with 0. 1M NaOH solotuion using phenolphthalein as indicactor 4. Until the solution turns pink, result is preserve in table 1 5. About 25. 00of 1M sulphuric acid (using measuring cylinder) is added to the conical flask . 6. The mixture is then heated by electrical slug to at least 70. 7. The heated mixture is then titrated with 0. 02M Potassium permanganate KMn until a permanent pink colour is observed 8. Record the result in Table2 effect Table 1 Titration result of mixture solution against NaOH Trial 1 2 3 Final burette reading 15.4 27. 3 39. 0 12. 8 Initial burette Reading 3. 1 15. 4 27. 3 1. 0 rule book of NaOH Added 12. 3 11. 9 11. 7 1 1. 8 Mean Volume of NaOH added ( 11. 7+11. 8+11. 9) /3 =11. 8 Table 2 Titration result of mixture solution against KMn Trial 1 2 3 Final burette reading 35. 0 26. 4 45. 5 40. 6 Initial burette Reading 16. 3 7. 1 26. 4 21. 4 Volume of NaOH Added 18. 7 19. 3 19. 1 19. 2 Mean Volume of NaOH added ( 19. 3+19. 1+19. 2) /3 =19. 2 CALCUALTION Equation involved in the reaction amidst NaOH and mixture solution + +Na(aq) Mole ratio of NaOH=21 = =11. 8/10000. 1/2 =5. 9xmol Molarity of = 5. 9X/(25/1000) =2. 36 x M + 2 Mn+ 16 2+8+10Mole ratio of Mn=52 = =519. 2/10000. 02/2 =9. 610-4 mol Mole of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate = 9. 6x-5. 91 l = 3. 7 x mol Molarity of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate in mixture = 3. 7 x/(25/1000) =1. 48xM DISCUSSIONS CHOICE OF INDICATORS Phenolphthalein is used as indicator in the reaction between Sodium hydroxide and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid because the reaction involves a weak acid titrated against a strong alkali. REASON FOR HEATING THE MIXTURE SOLUTION The rate reaction betw een and Mn is very slow as there is repulsion between anion. REASON FOR HEATING MIXTURE SOLUTION IN THE CONICAL flaskful INSTEAD OF MN IN THE BURETTE.Aqueous solution of Potassium permanganate KMn is unstable and can easily be decomposed. The decomposition is accelerated by heat. If it is put in the conical flask and heated, it will easily oxidize water to oxygen and the amount of KMn is therefore decreased. 4Mn 4Mn +3 In addition, if hot Potassium permanganate solution is added to the burette, it whitethorn cause expansion of burette, causing inaccurate measurement. END POINT The end-point is not very permanent because if the Mn ion is in large excess, the following reaction decease 2 Mn+3+ 2 +4 DECOPOSITION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.Potassium permanganate is easily decomposed and the decomposition is speed up by light, heat, acids, base, reducing agent in air such as hydrogen sulphide gas, , , and even by the end-product Therefore, it should be stored in brown bottle and should b e standardized before use. acculturation OF WATER BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE sodium hydroxide absorb water from air. The volume of solution increase, and hence cause a decrease in concentration, causing inaccurate calculation.CONCLUSION The concentration of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate is 1. 48xM while ethane-1, 2-dioic acids is 2. 36 x M REFERFERNCE Wikipedia Chan ting hin 6b 11 ? 1.

Nintendo History Essay Example for Free

Nintendo History EssayNintendo was founded in 1889. It was a poker card workshop. But now its Japans most famous crippled overlapion community. Its adjoinion of electronic games are favourite all around the world. Nintendo is the NO.1 of the worlds video game companies. With only 850 staffs, Nintendo used to beat such super enterprises as Toyota occasionally, thus becoming Nipponese first wage-making company. Nintendo spells Wii with two lower-case I characters means To resemble two people standing side by side, representing conveyers gathering together. Wii sounds want we, which emphasizes that the console table is for everyone. Wii can easily be remembered by people around the world, no matter what language they speak. The Wii is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19, 2006. The Nintendo Wii is the 7th generation video game console of the Nintendo series. It plays Nintendo video games via discs, and detects movement in three dimensions. The Wii is meant to stimulate interactivity and movement among its users, so that they play games and get exercise simultaneously. The primary wireless controller, the Wii remote, is a handheld pointing device which makes the on-screen player mimic the movements of the person possessing the Wii remote.Nintendo merchandiseion of electronic gamesIn 1983NESIn 1989 gamy BoyIn 1990Super FamicomIn 1996Nintendo64In 2001Game Boy AdvanceIn 2001GameCubeIn 2004Nintendo DSIn 2006WiiIn 2012Wii Uhttp//game.people.com.cn/n/2012/1120/c49419-19633647-4.htmlhttp//blog.eio.com/2012/07/21/an-introduction-to-the-nintendo-wii/1. Was Nintendo just lucky, or does the Wiis success have strategic merit?Nintendos strategy was very clear and clever. It thought that it could not survive in the competition with Microsofts Xbox and Sonys Play Station 3. So, Nintendo do not try to compete to the competitor rather than it seek to rebuild the gaming system. Without concerning the more advanced technology, it tried to do more using less investment. They realized that they couldnt make a better product, so by changing the way in which the product is used they created a whole refreshed market at their control. By changing their counseling away from the game but the experience Nintendo created a crotchety strategy that is now synonymous with their name. Nintendo developed the Wii with a very specific design and marketing strategy in place. So, Nintendos strategy was so resourceful and it worked akin magic mix strategy.Their success with the Wii really stems from two sources. First, they have gained substantial market share with previously untapped demographics (elderly, smallchildren, and families). Second, because they have eliminated legion(predicate) of the additional cost and features of the more advanced game systems, they have been able to better compete based on monetary value.Even tour they were struggling, Nintendo maintained a strong brand in spite of appearance the gaming industry .Marketing Strategies of Nintendo are through the product, pricing, promotion, and place. With the product, Nintendo redesigned the controller to make it easier and more nature to play games,e.g motion sensitivity, IR sensors. Nintendo stay on terms at $250.00 while XBOX and PS3 over $350.00. Wii games cheaper $10.00 than XBOX and PS3. It offering various accessories to generate tax revenue. Ninendo promotion through mass grappleing, uses intermediary (GameStop, hypermarket, mall), uses both push or pull techniques. Pushing is used by advertising through commercials, ads, circulars, magazines, and internet.Pulling is demonstrated by keeping on-hand archive low leaving customers returning to check availability.Nintendo has included a free game with eachWii unit, contrasting systems, they increase the price by $20-50. they offer the Nintendo WiFi connection. This allows you to play certain online games against friends and others. Nintendoaposs WiFi connection is free and offers some(prenominal) nice updates. About the place, Nintendo has statistical distribution centers around the world. Each distributing the regions version of Nintendos systems or games.In the linked States there are 2 distribution centers, that are Redmond, Washington Atlanta, Georgia. Retailers get their inventory directly from Nintendo.Businesses are gaining approximately $10 per unit sold however, they make their money through game and accessory sales. 2) In which deliver of the product life cycle is theWii? Based on that stage, is Nintendo employing good marketing mix strategies? The sales of Nintendo keep increasing and last sales not significant. The stages is growh- early due date. If a product is accepted by the marketplace, it enters the growth stage of the product life cycle. The growth stage is characterized by increasing sales, more competitors, and higher gelt. Unfortunately for the firm, the growth stage get ins competitors who enter the market very quickly. For exa mple, when Diet Coke experienced great success, Pepsi soon entered with Diet Pepsi. Youll notice that both Coca-Cola and Pepsi have similar competitive offerings in the beverage industry, including their own brands of bottled water, juice, and sports drinks.As additional customers begin to buy the product, manufacturers must ensure that the product remains available to customers or run the risk of them get competitors offerings. For example, the causers of video game systems such as Nintendos Wii could not keep up with consumer demand when the product was first launched. Consequently, some consumers purchased competing game systems such as Microsofts Xbox. A company sometimes increases its promotional spending on a product during its growth stage. However, instead of encouraging consumers to try the product, the promotions ofttimes focus on the specific benefits the product offers and its value relative to competitive offerings. In other words, although the company must still info rm and educate customers, it must prognosticate the competition. Emphasizing the advantages of the products brand name can help a company maintain its sales in the face of competition.Although different organizations produce personal computers, a highly recognized brand such as IBM strengthens a firms advantage when competitors enter the market. New offerings that utilize the very(prenominal) successful brand name as a companys already existing offerings, which is what Black Decker does with some of its products, can give a company a competitive advantage. Companies typically begin to make a profit during the growth stage because more units are being sold and more revenue is generated.The number of distribution outlets (stores and dealers) utilized to sell the product can also increase during the growth stage as a company tries to reach as much of the marketplace as possible. Expanding a products distribution and increasing its production to ensure its availability at different o utlets usually results in a products costs remaining high during the growth stage. The price of the product itself typically remains at about the same take during the growth stage, although some companies reduce their prices slightly to attract additional buyers and meet the competitors prices. Companies hope by increasing their sales, they also improve their profits.The Maturity Stage afterwards many competitors enter the market and the number of potential new customers declines, the sales of a product typically begin to level off. This indicates that a product has entered the maturity stage of its life cycle. Most consumer products are in the mature stage of their life cycle their buyers are repeat purchasers versus new customers. Intense competition causes profits to fall until only the strongest players remain. The maturity stage lasts longer than other stages. Quaker Oats and Ivory Soap are products in the maturity stagethey have been on the market for over one hundred years. Given the competitive environment in the maturity stage, many products are bring upd heavily to consumers by stronger competitors. The strategies used to promote the products often focus on value and benefits that give the offering a competitive advantage. The promotions aimed at a companys distributors may also increase during the mature stage. Companies may decrease the price of mature products to counter the competition. However, they must be careful not to get into price wars with their competitors and destroy all the profit potential of their markets, threatening a firms survival. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) have engaged in several price wars with regard to their microprocessors.Likewise, Samsung added features and lowered the price on its Instinct mobile phone, engaging in a price war with Apples iPhone. With the weakened economy, many online retailers engaged in price wars during the 2008 holiday season by cutting prices on their products and shipping costs. Altho ugh large organizations such as Amazon.com can absorb shipping costs, price wars often breach smaller retailers. many retailers learned from their mistakes and ordered less inventory for the 2009 holiday season. Companies are challenged to develop strategies to extend the maturity stage of their products so they remain competitive. Many firms do so by modifying their target markets, their offerings, or their marketing strategies. Next, we look at each of these strategies. Modifying the target market helps a company attract different customers by seeking new users, going after different market segments, or finding new uses for a product in order to attract additional customers. Financial institutions and travel dealers realized that women have increased buying power and now market to them.With the growth in the number of online shoppers, more organizations sell their products and services through the Internet. Entering new markets yields companies an opportunity to extend the prod uct life cycles of their different offerings. Many companies enter different geographic markets or transnational markets as a strategy to get new users. A product that might be in the mature stage in one countrified might be in the introductory stage in another market. For example, when the U.S. market became saturated, McDonalds began opening restaurants in unconnected markets. Cell phones were very popular in Asia before they were introduced in the United States. Many cell phones in Asia are being used to scan coupons and to charge purchases. However, the market in the United States might not be ready for that type of technology. Modifying the product, such as changing its packaging, size, flavors, colors, or quality can also extend the products maturity stage.The 100 Calorie Packs created by Nabisco provide an example of how a company changed the packaging and size to provide convenience and one-hundred-calorie portions for consumers. While the sales of many packaged foods fel l, the sales of the 100 Calorie Packs increased to over $200 million, prompting Nabisco to repackage more products. 5Kraft Foods extended the mature stage of different crackers such as Wheat Thins and Triscuits by creating different flavors. Although not popular with consumers, many companies downsize (or decrease) the package sizes of their products or the amount of the product in the packages to save money and keep prices from rising too much.Car manufacturers modify their vehicles slightly each year to offer new styles and new safety features. Every three to five years, automobile manufacturers do more extensive modifications. Changing the package or adding variations or features are common ways to extend the mature stage of the life cycle. Pepsi belatedly changed the design and packaging of its soft drinks and Tropicana juice products. However, consumers thought the new juice package looked like a less expensive brand, which made the quality of the product look poorer. As a res ult, Pepsi resumed the use of the original Tropicana carton. Pepsis redesigned soda cans also received negative consumer reviews.Tropicanas New PackagingTropicanas new (and now abandoned) packaging look didnt compare well with the orange and the straw but is still used on the lower-calorie Tropicana. When introducing products to international markets, firms must sink if the product can be regularized (kept the same) or how much, if any,adaptation, or changing, of the product to meet the needs of the local culture is necessary. Although it is much less expensive to standardize products and promotional strategies, cultural and environmental differences usually require some adaptation. Product colors and packages as well as product names must often be changed because of cultural differences. For example, in many Asian and European countries, Coca-Colas diet drinks are called light, not diet. GE makes smaller appliances such as washers and dryers for the Japanese market. Hyundai Motor Company had to improve the quality of its automobiles in order to compete in the U.S. market. Companies must also examine the external environment in foreign markets since the regulations, competition, and economic conditions vary as well as the cultures.Figure 7.15Some companies modify the marketing strategy for one or more marketing variables of their products. For example, many coffee shops and fast-food restaurants such as McDonalds now offer specialty coffee that competes with Starbucks. As a result, Starbucks managers a decided it was time to change the companys strategy. Over the years, Starbucks had added lunch offerings and moved away from grinding coffee in the stores to provide faster service for its customers. However, customers missed the coffee shop gentle wind and the aroma of freshly brewed coffee and didnt like the smell of all the lunch items. As a result of falling market share, Starbucks former chief executive officer and founder Howard Schultz returned to the company. Schultz hired consultants to determine how to modify the firms offering and extend the maturity stage of their life cycle. Subsequently, Starbucks changed the atmosphere of many of its stores back to that of handed-down coffee shops, modified its lunch offerings in many stores, and resumed grinding coffee in stores to provide the aroma customers missed.The company also modified some of its offerings to provide health-conscious consumers lower-calorie alternatives. 6 After the U.S. economy weakened in 2009, Starbucks announced it would begin selling instant coffee for about a dollar a cup to accumulation to customers who were struggling financially but still wanted a special cup of coffee. The firm also changed its communication with customers by utilizing more interactive media such as blogs. Whereas Starbucks might have overexpanded, McDonalds plans to add fourteen thousand coffee bars to selected stores. 7 In addition to the coffee bars, many McDonalds stores are remod eling their interiors to feature flat screen televisions, recessed lighting, and wireless Internet access. Other McDonalds restaurants kept their original design, which customers still like.http//www.studymode.com/essays/Assignment-Case-Study-Of-Nintendo-878245.html http//www.papercamp.com/essay/46271/Nintendo-Case http//www.xbitlabs.comhttp//catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/2030?e=fwk-133234-ch07_s02

Concepts of Death in Medicine

Concepts of Death in MedicineHufsa AliThe concept of shoemakers last is one that has been shrouded with mystery and inquire for as long as gentlemans have lived and died. The understanding and implications of devastation have varied greatly across eras and cultures. Historically, there has been little consistency in the understanding of the concept of the event of demolition, the moment at which one is on the spur of the moment. The Oxford English Dictionary defines close as the end of life the permanent cessation of the bouncy functions of a person or beingness2. This comment, small-arm precisely written, leaves considerable ambiguity about the diction of the definition itself. It is uncertain what is meant by life and vital functions of a person or electric pipe organism. Further, one may question whether the vital functions of humans as persons differ from those of humans as organisms. Is close a process earlier than an event? If so, when does it begin and end, an d when is it appropriate to say death? Is it doable that a human may experience two deaths, death of the person and death of the organism? If so, which death is relevant to medicine? In this paper, I will review the evolution of the definition of death in the Western world in the context of use of advancing medicine, and explore the implications in relation to organ donation.The philosophical examination of human death has concentrated two underlying questions what is human death, and how can we cook that death has occurred?3 The runner question addresses the concept or definition of death, while the siemens lodge ins underdeveloped the corresponding standards criteria and clinical protocol to be used to declare death. Examples of the answer to the first question include death as the functions of an organism or human death as the irreversible loss of personhood (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 20114). Examples of answers to the second questions include the cardiopulmona ry standard, the whole- chief standard, and the cerebral standard. It was not until the last century that seeking answers to these questions became the source of a painstakingly complex on-going debate about death, personhood and medicine.Prior to the approaching of the stethoscope in the 19th century, cessation of breathing marked the concomitant of death (Daroff)5. Then, the loss of pulse became the characterizing event (Jennett, 2001). The Fourth Edition of Blacks integrity Dictionary was published in 1951, reidentifying the occurrence of death as the cessation of life, defined by physicians as a total stoppage of centre of attention of the circulation of the ancestry67 in the United States. The definition of death (particularly the distinction between death of the proboscis and death of the person) was not relevant because the death of the brain and the loosening of the body tissues occurred concurrently. Cardiopulmonary misadventure inevitably led to irreversible loss o f all brain functions, and the irreversible loss of all brain functions quickly led to cardiopulmonary arrest.The issue of distinguishing between cardiopulmonary failure and brain function failure was not clinically relevant until the invention and widespread use of mechanical resuscitation and breathing sy stem turn devices8. A stopped heart could now be restarted and bloodline could be oxygenated without function intercostal and pleural muscles, afterwards the tissues of the brain had began ischemic necrosis1. Although they were still occurring, the functions of circulation and public discussion were being per worked by mechanical respirators and defibrillators. While this did not meet the criteria for death as defined in 1951, it is important to note that such patients would have met the criteria for death as soon as the use of life-support machines was discontinued. Essentially, this meant that either death could be reversed, or that death could be delayed well beyond the failure of vital organs. This also meant that a body with irreversible loss of brain functions could be indefinitely kept alive. This highlighted the distinction between neurological failure, and circulatory and respiratory failure.During the 1950s, several physicians around the world began to recognize the futility of continuing treatment for patients who had lost all neurological functions. In 1954, a neurologist practicing in Massachusetts, Dr. Robert Schwab, noted this while examining a comatose brain hemorrhage patient who was on a respirator. The question was, Is this patient alive or deceased? Without reflexes, without breathing and with total absence seizure of evidence of an electroencephalogram, we considered the patient was dead in spite of the presence of an active heart of importtaining circulation. The respirator was therefore turned off and the patient pronounced dead. In 1959, four French neurologists came to the kindred conclusion. However, they some of them pref erred the term coma dpass, meaning beyond coma (Mollaret, 1959)9. This was the prognosis of certain death, they argued, save not did not meet the criteria for death itself. Schwab disagreed, stating that death of the the death of the nervous system would be death of the patient. In 1963, he proposed criteria to consider certain patients dead in spite of continuing cardiac function loss of reflexes, a straight off EEG, and apnea102. Over the next five years, he dealed having treated 90 such patients. None of them survived and autopsies showed that every one of them had pervasive tissue necrosis in their brains. His findings went on to greatly influence the legal and medical redefining of death.Meanwhile, there were developing concerns about the futility of extensive, expensive medical bursting charge for patients whose deaths were imminent and inevitable. In 1957, Pope Pius XII proclaimed that physicians were not obliged to give extraordinary treatment in such cases11. In 1962, p sychiatrist Frank Ayd published a paper in which he contended that there was a moral obligation to withdraw care when death was inevitable. In 1965, THe American Medical Association held its First National Congress on Medical Ethics and Professionalism to detail guidelines for end-of-life-care.12As the installment of the transition from heart to brain criteria for death, the field of organ interchangeation was developing. The first successful kidney transplant was performed between live twins in 1954 by Dr. Joseph Murray. octette years later, Dr. Murray performed a kidney transplant from a cadaver donor. In the years following, liver, lung and heart transplants were performed, using organs from cadavers. Most of the recipients died soon after the surgery. There was the image that live donors would improve the chances of survival, but physicians were weary about using vital organs from patients that were alive by cardiopulmonary criteria, even if they had lost total brain functio n. The ethical standard regarding organ retrieval is the Dead Donor Rule (DDR), which prohibits organ vital procurement from donors that have not yet been declared death. This limits possible sources of organs to cadavers that still have salvageable tissues and organs. As medical technology prevented more and more deaths through advancements in life-support technology, it also accelerated the sine qua non for organs of dead donors, as the capacity to perform successful transplants increased. This growing concern for organ transplantation sources, coupled with the futility of having hopeless patients on artificial ventilation and resuscitation created a climate that facilitated the major change that occurred at the end of the 1960s.In 1968, an Ad Hoc committee was formed at Harvard University to address the ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient13. The committee developed criteria similar to the concept of coma dpass. Patients who met the criteria3 would be considered essentially dead, but not actually dead. The final report was titled A Definition of Irreversible Coma Definition of Brain Death. While this report didnt explicitly realign the definition of death to brain-based criteria, it sketch appropriate standard of care for comatose patients whose deaths were inevitable and imminent. It was never said outright, but they implied that the death of the brain is the death of the patient, and hinted that the cardiopulmonary criteria for death were obsolete14.On the same day as the publication of the Harvard report, the 22nd World Medical Association (WMA) met and announced the Declaration of Sydney. The declaration distinguished the gradual process of the death of cells and tissues from the death of the patient. Clinical interest lies not in the state of preservation of isolated cells but in the fate of a person the point of death of the antithetical cells and organs is not so important as the certainty that the process has become ir reversible. While it has been overshadowed in the United States by the Harvard report, the WMAs declaration was the first major committee distinguishment between the death of the body and the death of the person.Throughout the 1970s, widespread acceptance of the implied Harvard definition grew among the medical community. State legislatures and courts began legally recognizing some form of death based on brain-criterion, although there was little consistency among the criteria across jurisdictions. In 1971, Mohandas and Chou (neurologist and psychiatrist, respectively) published their Minnesota Criteria, based on autopsy discoveries that set the destruction of the brain stem as the cause of brain death. Thus, the requirement for the EEG was eliminated4. Because both respiratory control and consciousness originated 15in the brain stem, the loss of brain-stem function equaled death of both persons and organisms. In the UK, the criteria for brain death was tweaked to exclude the EEG requirement, which meant a patient with detectable cortical act would be dead in the UK and alive in most of the US.The Presidents Commision for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research was formulated in 1979 to clarify brain death and other biomedical ethics issues. The committee published a report in 1981 that provided a clearer and more practical definition of death than the earlier, conceptually ambiguous ones that had been used before. The commission reasoned that death occurred when the bodys physiological system ceases to constitute an integrated whole16. Because the brain functions as the great integrator and regulator, the death of the organism occurs when the total brain functions are lost, and the organism disintegrates to a collection of its parts. As a result, the Uniform object of Death Act (UDDA) gave both brain-based and circulatory-respiratory-based criteria a separate but equal status in the eyes of law and clinical care. In the United States, death could now be determined by the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain. While the UDDA recognised the whole brain standard as a means to determine death, it did not define the neurological test criteria to be used. It also did not specify the amount of elapsed time required before stopped circulation can be considered irreversible. Different hospitals, providers, and associations used varying sets of tests to determine death.In 1995, the American academy of Neurology (AAN) attempted to standardize the clinical protocol used to determine death using brain criteria. Tests to be performed were similar to the Harvard report criteria, without the EEG requirement and the 24-hour repeat was left unaddressed. While the UDDA and AANs guidelines have brought consistency to the clinical process of determining death, there has been widespread disagreement about the criteria of de ath itself.The traditionalistic criteria for determining death, the cessation of heartbeat and breathing, have been updated by the UDDA. The circulatory-respiratory standard holds death as the irreversible cessation of circulatory-respiratory function. Leaving aside the implications of word irreversible, this definition may still not be entirely accurate nor practical. Rather than changing the reality of the nature of death, life-support devices and other technologies of modern medicine have shined a light on an aspect of the process of death that was not visible before. Before the possibility of mechanically and artificially continuing respiration and circulation, the failure of these processes were associated with the occurrence of death. However, after such death could be reversed and put off indefinitely, it became apparent that the onset of cardiopulmonary failure was not the moment of death, but scarcely indicative of death. As Bernat, Culver and Gert argue, heartbeat and re gular breathing usually indicate life, but they do not constitute life (Bernat, Culver, and Gert 1981)17. Life involves the integrated functioning of the whole organism. Brain-based criteria better suited this understanding of life because the brain is responsible for(p) for much regulation of the entire organism. Thus, including brain-based criteria to declare death is seen as an update to the previous understanding of death, not a complete overhaul of it.The transition to brain-based criteria is nowhere near free of criticism. For some, one of the most obvious flaws in the logic quarter the brain-based criteria for death was its basis on the thinker that the brain is the sole organ responsible for integration of the organism as a whole. If death is defined as the irreversible loss of functioning of the organism as a whole, then only after the complete cessation of all whole-body integrating functions may a patient be considered dead. While the brain plays the biggest role in in tegrating interdependent functions of the body, somatic integration is a holistic phenomenon that involves organs and tissue systems throughout the body. Immune responses, regulation of blood glucose levels, and hematopoiesis are regulatory functions that can continue to occur without the entire brain (Shewomn, 2001)18. Therefore, if the definition of death is understood to be the end of the existence of the organism as an integrative whole, then the death of the whole brain does not necessarily mean the biological organism has died.Brain-based criteria may have been a step in the right direction, but perhaps for the wrong reasons. The significance and necessity of the brain may lie in other aspect of its function one that cannot be attributed to any other part of the body personhood. The brain is the origin of human thought, reasoning, consciousness, emotion, and self-awareness. If the entire brain is dead, than the human person is dead, even if the human organism continues to liv e.Another problem with the development of brain-based criteria is again unrelated to the concept itself, but how it came about as standard of care. The ethically dangerous notion that the climate of evolving medical innovation, particularly organ transplantation, had influenced and driven the acceptance of whole-brain death is a very concerning one. When the Harvard committee met to discuss brain death in 1968, they seemed to be concerned about two things the futility of spending resources on patients with no chance of recovery, and the idea of wasting the organs of these patients bodies. Their main focus of concern seemed to not be the well-being of the patients at hand, but protecting the physicians who would withdraw care from patients that would previously have been considered alive. Without the redefinition of death, doctors would have been morally responsible for the death of such patients.Officially, the reason the Harvard committee cited for their efforts was to free up reso urces spent in vain on untreatable patients. Murray, who was on the committee specified that the primary concern was the decease patient, and that organ transplantation was distinct and unrelated, ()19 However, many have been skeptical of this separation, arguing that the motive for changing the definition of death had everything to do with organ transplantation. brain surgeon Richard Nilges, calls attention to the fact that respiratory and other life-support technologies had been in use for nearly two decades before the hasty formulation of the Harvard committee, and no one had so loudly expressed the urge to end such care. Instead, he points out, that the Harvard committee met less than a year after the first successful heart transplant surgery.5 Based on the heart-lung criteria of death at the time, the act of removing the heart from a live patient on life support would have been the cause of death of that patient. Nilges suggests that a second, underlying reason for changing the criterion of death was the underlying motivation behind the Harvard report providing organs for transplantation. This situation was an ideal one for organ transplant advocates, because it was an opportunity to tailor the definition of death to fit the moral acceptability of transplanting living hearts. Taking a beating heart from a body is not equivalent to taking innocent human life if brain dead individuals are defined as already dead. Interestingly, Nilges is not against the idea of using brain-based criteria for death in organ donors. Rather, he disagrees with the way this criteria is practiced. His experience working with such patients and organ transplant teams has left him with disdain towards the practice of organ transplantation. In his paper titled Organ Transplantation, Brain Death, and the Slipper Slope A Neurosurgeons Perspective, Nigles proposes a causal relationship between the changes in the understanding and practice of death declaration to the desires of the insat iable transplant advocates. He recalls trying protect his dying patients from transplant teams, who he compares to hungry vultures eyeing a small, dying animal. He criticizes the unofficial leeway allowed when diagnosing whole brain death, pointing out that over 20% of patients declared dead on brain-based criteria actually had brain activity detectable by an EEG.Save for the finale HANS JONAS uncertainty about border b/w life, death201 Necrosis, death of tissue, can be caused by ischemia, insufficient blood supply to those tissues. Brain tissue is among the bodys most sensitive to ischemic hypoxia, and is the earliest to die. It is possible for the rest of the body to regain function after a period of time without oxygen, but the brain to have lost it permanently.2 Schwabs criteria were loss of reflexes (dilated and fixed pupils, no elicitable reflexes, and no independent movements), a flat EEG (electroencephalogram detecting no electrical activity in the brain), and apnea (inabili ty to spontaneously breath).3 Harvard report criteria included the following (1) deep coma, no withdrawal from painful stimuli, (2) cranial and spinal arreflexia, (3) apnea, persistent after disconnected from ventilator for 3 minutes, (4) flat EEG, no detectable electrical brain activity, (5) exclusion of hypothermia or drugs, which may sometimes cause false-negatives in the above tests, and (6) evaluation repeated twice, 24-hours apart.4 The brain-stem is the pathway through which the brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) sends and receives signals to and from the rest of the body. If the brain stem is dead and all brainstem functions are lost, then the communication between the brain and spinal cord is severed. A body of a patient with a dead brain stem is functionally equivalent to that of a patient with whole brain death. Thus, any electrical activity in the cerebrum is not going to affect the outcome of tests of the rest of Harvard criteria.5 The first successful heart transplantati on was performed in December of 1967. The committee developed their criteria in August of 1968, a mere eight months after the heart transplant.1Write later2Cite oxford english dictionary3either cite Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Definition of Death4Written 2007, revised 2011. Review?5Fix citation6Cite this7Black Laws Dictionary, 1951. 4e8cite source either de goergia, stanford, or daroff98, De Geogia10cite swchab, from de georgia, pg 67411Citation needed12another somebody talks about this conference, but says something more relevant.13cite beecher. (From De Georgia, 674. bottom left.14cite this15use a different word. Plagiarism16cite this de georgia, 48, 49. pg 67617cite. (stanford encyclopedia, 1. mainstream view)18http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158865519Murray, letter to Beecher, calling for committee formulation/meeting. De Georgia 26, pg 6752040 De goergia, pg 676